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Passage 1
Dogs played an important role in the Second World War, mainly undertaking security and search duties. In the Soviet Union they were also used for mine detection, message and supply carrying and as weapons of war. The most extreme example were the dogs trained to destroy enemy tanks using explosives strapped to their backs. The animals were trained to run under the vehicles carrying mines which exploded when a protruding lever touched the hull and detonated the charge. Soviet anti-tank dogs were used in 1941 and 1942 but results were poor. The animals often got confused in the heat of battle and some blew up their own handlers. The Germans quickly learned to shoot all dogs on sight. The Soviets soon abandoned this unconventional form of warfare.
Source: Carter, Ian – Second World War Weapons That Failed, Imperial War Museum
1. Why would the Soviets use dogs as anti-tank weapons?
2. Why did the Soviets abandon this style of warfare?
Passage 2
From a tiny Pacific island to a leafy Indiana forest, a handful of sites where the United States manufactured and tested some of the most lethal weapons known to humankind are now peaceful havens for wildlife.
An astonishing array of animals and habitats flourished at six former weapons complexes — mostly for nuclear and chemical arms — because the public and other intrusions were banned for decades.
Source: Elliot, Dan – Wildlife Now Roam Where the US Once Forged Its Deadliest Weapons, ABC News
3. Based on the passage, which of the following statements is most correct?
Passage 3
When they became obsolete, the government converted them into refuges under U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service management, but the cost is staggering. The military, the U.S. Department of Energy and private companies have spent more than $57 billion to clean up the heavily polluted sites, according to figures gathered by The Associated Press from military and civil agencies.
And the biggest bills have yet to be paid. The Energy Department estimates it will cost between $323 billion and $677 billion more to finish the costliest cleanup, at the Hanford Site in Washington state where the government produced plutonium for bombs and missiles.
4.Which of the following statements is the best summary of the passage?
Passage 4
Despite the complicated and expensive cleanups, significant contamination has been left behind, some experts say. This legacy, they say, requires restrictions on where visitors can go and obligates the government to monitor the sites for perhaps centuries.
“They would be worse if they were surrounded by a fence and left off-limits for decades and decades,” said David Havlick, a professor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs who studies military-to-wildlife conversions. “That said, it would be better if they were cleaned up more thoroughly.”
Researchers have not examined the health risks to wildlife at the cleaned-up refuges as extensively as the potential danger to humans, but few problems have been reported.
5. What did David Havlick mean when he said “They would be worse if they were surrounded by a fence and left off-limits for decades and decades”?
6. Health risks to wildlife at these former nuclear sites are just as significant as the risk to humans.
Passage 5
How about a friendly debate on the greatest movie of all time?
It’s likely a debate that will rage on with few agreements as there are evolving tastes, technology, and trends in cinema to consider. While some cinephiles consider classics such as “City Lights” (1931) or “Casablanca” (1942) as the height of the medium, many fans are more appreciative of newer Hollywood productions.
Source: Stockdale, Charles – Let the Debate Begin: 50 Best Movies of All Time USA Today
7. Why would people tend to disagree on what the greatest movie of all time is?
Passage 6
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) numbers among the greatest philosophers of all time. Judged solely in terms of his philosophical influence, only Plato is his peer: Aristotle’s works shaped centuries of philosophy from Late Antiquity through the Renaissance, and even today continue to be studied with keen, non-antiquarian interest. A prodigious researcher and writer, Aristotle left a great body of work, perhaps numbering as many as two-hundred treatises, from which approximately thirty-one survive. His extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic, metaphysics and philosophy of mind, through ethics, political theory, aesthetics and rhetoric, and into such primarily non-philosophical fields as empirical biology, where he excelled at detailed plant and animal observation and description. In all these areas, Aristotle’s theories have provided illumination, met with resistance, sparked debate, and generally stimulated the sustained interest of an abiding readership.
Source: Shields, Christopher – Aristotle Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8. The word prodigious above could be replaced by which of the following without losing the meaning of the sentence?
9. Why is Plato the only peer of Aristotle according to the author?
10. Which of the following statements is false?
Passage 7
In 1771, fourteen-year-old Denmark Vesey was transported from St. Thomas to Cape Francais by slave trader Captain Joseph Vesey. Upon a return trip to Cape Francais, Captain Vesey was forced to reclaim Denmark, who his master said was suffering from epileptic fits. Denmark accompanied Captain Vesey on his trading voyages until the Captain retired to Charleston, never again showing signs of epilepsy.
In 1799, Vesey won the lottery and bought his freedom for $600. He could not purchase the freedom of his wife and children, however, and some claimed that this fact motivated his crusade to destroy the institution of slavery.
Vesey joined the newly formed African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1817. He became a “class leader,” preaching to a small group in his home during the week. White Charlestonians constantly monitored the African church, disrupting services and arresting members. An angry Vesey began preaching from the Old Testament, particularly Exodus, and taught followers that they were the New Israelites, the chosen people whose enslavement God would punish with death.
In 1822, Vesey and other leaders from the African Church began plotting a rebellion. His chief lieutenant was an East African priest named Gullah Jack, who led conspirators in prayer and rituals and gave them amulets to protect them in battle. Vesey’s theology of liberation, combined with Gullah Jack’s African mysticism, inspired potential participants, and word of the rebellion grew. Vesey set the date for revolt on July 14, and men from Charleston and surrounding plantations planned to seize Charleston’s arsenals and guard houses, kill the Governor, set fire to the city, and kill every white man they saw. But in June, several nervous slaves leaked the plot to their masters, and Charleston authorities began arresting leaders. Vesey was captured on June 22, and he and the conspirators were brought to trial. Despite torture and the threat of execution, the men refused to give up their followers. On July 2nd, Denmark Vesey and five other men were hanged. Gullah Jack was executed several days later, with the total number of executions reaching 35 by August 9th.
In the aftermath of the Vesey rebellion, the African Church was burned down and authorities passed a series of laws further restricting the rights of Charleston slaves. Vesey became a martyr for African-Americans and a symbol for the abolitionist movement, while the increasingly militant politics of white America dragged the country toward Civil War.
Source: PBS (2003) This Far By Faith- Denmark Vesey
11. How did Denmark Vesey specifically use religion to motivate and further his cause?
12. Before the planned revolt, why were white Charlestonians constantly monitoring the African church?
13. This line “Despite torture and the threat of execution, the men refused to give up their followers” is meant to illustrate what virtue?
Passage 8
Kirsten Dunst is looking back to the special bond she formed with Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt on the set of their 1994 movie Interview with the Vampire.
The trio starred in the thriller as vampires 25 years ago, and Dunst recalled her time with the blossoming A-Listers while appearing on the Late Show with Stephen Colbert on Thursday. After Colbert asked if she remembered feeling how big of a deal it was to act opposite the two stars, Dunst, now 37, was quick to point out the age difference between her and Pitt, now 55, and Cruise, now 57.
“I did, but I was also very innocent,” Dunst said of starring with the heartthrobs at just 12 years old. “I feel like I watched Brad in A River Runs Through and Tom was in Far and Away, which I loved. They treated me like a little sister. It was very sweet, I was a very innocent 12 year old. I was just doing my job and they were very sweet to me.”
Source: Russian, Ale – Kirsten Dunst Says Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt Treated Her ‘Like a Little Sister’ on 1994 Movie Set, People Magazine
14. Why did Dunst continue to say that she was “innocent” when talking about working on Interview with a Vampire?
15. Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the passage?
Passage 9:
When do written explanations have to be turned in for full-time employee working less than 40 hours?
