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Passage 1
U.S. health officials are making a new attempt at adding graphic images to cigarette packets to discourage and Americans from lighting up. If successful, it would be the first change to U.S. cigarette warnings in 35 years.
The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday proposed 13 new warnings that would appear on all cigarettes, including images of cancerous neck tumors, diseased lungs and feet with amputated toes.
Other color illustrations would warn smokers that cigarettes can cause heart disease, impotence and diabetes. The labels would take up half of the front of cigarette packages and include text warnings, such as “Smoking causes head and neck cancer.” The labels would also appear on tobacco advertisements.
The current smaller text warnings on the side of U.S. cigarette packs have not been updated since 1984. They warn that smoking can cause lung cancer, heart disease and other illnesses. These warnings “go unnoticed” and are effectively “invisible,” the FDA said it its announcement.
Source: Associated Press – US Makes New Push for graphic warning labels on cigarettes
1. If the FDA-approved images mentioned in the passage were approved, what would the likely impact be on cigarette sales?
2. According to the passage, would the addition of these images to cigarette cartons be a major, noticeable change from the current cigarette warnings?
Passage 2
The FDA’s previous attempt was defeated in court in 2012 on free speech grounds. A panel of judges later upheld the decision, siding with tobacco companies that the agency couldn’t force cigarettes to carry grisly images, including cadavers, diseased lungs and cancerous mouth sores.
FDA’s tobacco director Mitch Zeller said the new effort is supported by research documenting how the warnings will educate the public about lesser-known smoking harms, such as bladder cancer.
3. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the goal of the FDA as stated in the passage?
4. Why did the courts rule in favour of the tobacco companies in 2012?
Passage 3
While the public generally understands that cigarette smoking is dangerous, there are significant gaps in their understanding of all of the diseases and conditions associated with smoking,” said Zeller. If the agency is sued, he added, “we strongly believe this will hold up under any legal challenges.”
Reynolds American, maker of Camel and Newport cigarettes, said it supports public awareness efforts on tobacco, “but the manner in which those messages are delivered to the public cannot run afoul of the First Amendment.” Reynolds was one of five tobacco companies that challenged the FDA’s original warning labels.
The nation’s largest tobacco company, Altria, said it will “carefully review the proposed rule.” The company, which makes Marlboro, was not part of the industry lawsuit.
Nearly 120 countries around the world have adopted the larger, graphic warning labels. Studies from those countries suggest the image-based labels publicize smoking risks and encourage smokers to quit.
Current U.S. cigarette labels don’t reflect the enormous toll of smoking, said Geoff Fong, who heads the International Tobacco Control Project.
5. According to the FDA, the general public fully understands all of the danger and intricate health risks that cigarettes contain.
6. What has been the result in the 120 countries that have adopted larger, graphic warning labels?
7. What do the cigarette companies mean when they say “the manner in which those messages are delivered to the public cannot run afoul of the First Amendment? (The First Amendment is an amendment to the US Constitution that prohibits any law limiting freedom with respect to religion, expression, peaceful assembly, or the right of citizens to petition the government.)
Passage 4
A compassionate Uber driver is being praised for surprising one of her passengers with an unexpected gift.
Lamiyah Jabbar had first picked up Diane early one morning last week so she could take the Tim Hortons employee to work.
As they were chatting during the car ride, Diane mentioned that she had been looking forward to Christmas because she was hoping to receive a new robe, house shoes, and a dress for church.
While these may not seem like extravagant purchases, Diane said that she did not have much money for herself because she uses most of her finances to help take care of her grandkids.
After Jabbar dropped Diane off at work, she abstained from picking up any more passengers so she could head to Old Navy to do some shopping.
Jabbar then returned to the Tim Hortons where Diane worked in Buffalo, New York so she could surprise Diane with a new dress and a $50 Visa gift card for the shoes and robe.
In a video that Jabbar uploaded to Instagram, the Uber driver can be seen pulling up to Diane’s drive-thru window to say hi. At first, Diane doesn’t recognize her; but then Jabbar reminds her of their conversation earlier that morning and hands Diane the dress.
“This was on my mind from the moment she got out my car, so I had to contribute,” Jabbar wrote in the Instagram video caption. “Can you imagine waiting till Christmas just to get a robe, house shoes and an outfit for church? We tend to take things for granted, but why not help someone else if you can?”
Diane was stunned—and extremely grateful for the gift, saying: “Oh my God. Thank you so much! This has been such a horrible day and you just made this day so much better!”
Jabbar later told CBS News that she offered to return to Tim Hortons later that day so she could give Diane a ride home for free.
“I’m one of those people who’s like, you can’t tell me your issues and I can’t move on without helping,” she told the news outlet.
Jabbar also said that she does not usually publicize her good deeds on social media, but she hopes that the video will inspire her followers to do something kind for a stranger.
Source: Corbey, McKinley – Uber Driver Surprises Fast Food Worker With New Clothes After Hearing
8. Lamiyah Jabbar’s actions in this story can be best described as:
9. What was Lamiyah Jabbar’s goal in doing and filming her actions?
10. Which quote below best encapsulates the message of this story?
Passage 7
One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin. He lay on his armour-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections. The bedding was hardly able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked.
Source: Kafka, Franz (1915) Metamorphosis
11. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the passage?
12. Based on the description given in the passage, what insect listed below most closely compares to the insect that Gregor has been turned into?
Passage 8
“What’s happened to me?” he thought. It wasn’t a dream. His room, a proper human room although a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. A collection of textile samples lay spread out on the table – Samsa was a travelling salesman – and above it there hung a picture that he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower arm towards the viewer.
Gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. Drops of rain could be heard hitting the pane, which made him feel quite sad. “How about if I sleep a little bit longer and forget all this nonsense”, he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on his right, and in his present state couldn’t get into that position. However hard he threw himself onto his right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that he wouldn’t have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain there that he had never felt before.
“Oh, God”, he thought, “what a strenuous career it is that I’ve chosen! Travelling day in and day out. Doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of that there’s the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food, contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly with them. It can all go to Hell!”
13. Which word most accurately describes Gregor’s mindset?
14. Why does Gregor say, in the second sentence “It wasn’t a dream”?
15. Which statement most accurately describes Gregor’s career satisfaction?
